洞庭湖宣言
濕地生物多樣性保護(hù)主流化國(guó)際研討會(huì)
2007年12月1-4日,中國(guó)岳陽(yáng)
國(guó)家林業(yè)局宣傳辦公室
我們，來(lái)自澳大利亞、喀麥隆、加拿大、中國(guó)、埃及、印度、墨西哥、巴基斯坦、南非、英國(guó)、美國(guó)等11個(gè) 國(guó)家和聯(lián)合國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃署、世界自然基金會(huì)、濕地國(guó)際等組織的 130多位代表，于2007年12月1日至4日相聚于岳陽(yáng)、洞庭之濱，圍繞濕地生物多樣性保護(hù)主流化進(jìn)行了深入探討，達(dá)成廣泛共識(shí)，共同發(fā)表《洞庭湖宣言》：
? 濕地保護(hù)主流化是一種理念、一種機(jī)制、一個(gè)過(guò)程。它要求我們運(yùn)用生態(tài)系統(tǒng)方法，突破條塊分割、政出多門(mén)的傳統(tǒng)管理習(xí)慣，將濕地生物多樣性保護(hù)納入到相關(guān)部門(mén)和行業(yè)的議事日程，綜合有效地協(xié)調(diào)其決策和行動(dòng)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)濕地的保護(hù)與可持續(xù)利用。
?會(huì)議期間，各國(guó)的濕地保護(hù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)反復(fù)印證了主流化是確保濕地生物多樣性保護(hù)和可持續(xù)利用的有效方法和措施。洞庭湖濕地興盛與區(qū)域社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的密切關(guān)系就是典型案例之一。昔日八百里洞庭，吞長(zhǎng)江，納四水，浩浩湯湯，為中國(guó)第一大淡水湖。是著名的魚(yú)米之鄉(xiāng)，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)和其他野生動(dòng)植物的天堂，具有極為重要的生態(tài)、社會(huì)和文化價(jià)值。然而，由于自然因素和人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的影響，湖區(qū)人水爭(zhēng)地，濕地萎縮，水生生物資源銳減，使得洞庭湖濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)功能受到了嚴(yán)重破壞，影響到了洞庭湖區(qū)乃至長(zhǎng)江流域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
?我們高興地看到，中國(guó)各級(jí)政府和部門(mén)在國(guó)際社會(huì)的支持下, 逐步推進(jìn)洞庭湖濕地保護(hù)的主流化工作，將對(duì)其的保護(hù)列入到了洞庭湖區(qū)域、乃至長(zhǎng)江中下游國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的議事日程，并先后在洞庭湖區(qū)各部建立自然保護(hù)區(qū)，設(shè)立國(guó)際重要濕地、開(kāi)展?jié)竦鼗謴?fù)和保護(hù)以及大規(guī)模的退田還湖工程。此外，聯(lián)合國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃署和全球環(huán)境基金支持的中國(guó)濕地生物多樣性保護(hù)與可持續(xù)利用項(xiàng)目以及世界自然基金會(huì)支持的生命之河項(xiàng)目也積極參與和促進(jìn)了洞庭湖濕地保護(hù)的主流化實(shí)踐。通過(guò)努力，洞庭湖濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的退化趨勢(shì)得到了有效地遏制，一個(gè)生機(jī)勃勃、潤(rùn)澤四方的洞庭湖正逐漸展現(xiàn)在我們面前。
我們認(rèn)識(shí)到：
?濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的多種功能和所提供的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。她與陸地、海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)并列為全球三大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，是連接海洋與陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的紐帶；濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在全球碳循環(huán)中起著關(guān)鍵作用；同時(shí)，濕地又是地球上初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力最大的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，是生物多樣性最豐富、最密集之場(chǎng)所，為人類(lèi)物質(zhì)文明與精神文明建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)；濕地調(diào)蓄洪水、凈化水源的功能不僅為我們提供水源，補(bǔ)充地下水，還時(shí)刻為我們抵御自然災(zāi)害（洪災(zāi)、旱災(zāi)與風(fēng)暴潮等）等等。
?因其非常重要的價(jià)值和效益，濕地是目前全球受破壞最嚴(yán)重、生物多樣性受威脅最嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，其主要原因是沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)的、可持續(xù)利用的濕地利用機(jī)制。盡管《濕地公約》與《生物多樣性公約》已簽署多年，但是，不僅全球范圍內(nèi)的濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化趨勢(shì)仍然沒(méi)有得到根本性扭轉(zhuǎn)，而且這種趨勢(shì)還會(huì)因全球氣候變化的影響而進(jìn)一步加劇。
?此外，濕地，尤其是泥炭地又是全球最重要的碳庫(kù)。但若這類(lèi)濕地遭受?chē)?yán)重破壞，將成為全球最重要的溫室氣體來(lái)源。
我們呼吁：
國(guó)際社會(huì)、各國(guó)政府、各級(jí)濕地管理部門(mén)和機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)加大對(duì)濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能與服務(wù)的宣傳、教育和研究的投入力度，讓全社會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展中的關(guān)鍵作用，使?jié)竦乇Ｗo(hù)與可持續(xù)利用原則充分體現(xiàn)在各層次的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展政策和規(guī)劃的制訂與實(shí)施過(guò)程中，盡快扭轉(zhuǎn)濕地退化的趨勢(shì)，恢復(fù)濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能和服務(wù)，從而滿足社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)濕地的需求，應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化。
在全球?qū)用嫔希?/p>
?迫切需要將濕地保護(hù)納入到全球環(huán)境與發(fā)展的磋商進(jìn)程中去。（1）濕地公約秘書(shū)處應(yīng)在聯(lián)合國(guó)所有相關(guān)磋商中擁有官方席位；（2）濕地公約應(yīng)將其與生物多樣性公約的合作模式推廣到與其他多邊協(xié)議（聯(lián)合國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展委員會(huì)、聯(lián)合國(guó)防止沙漠化公約、聯(lián)合國(guó)遷徙物種公約、聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約等）的合作中；尤其是與聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約的合作，盡快認(rèn)可濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在二氧化碳減排和應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化中的作用；
?鑒于濕地生物多樣化保護(hù)主流化的重要性，但《生物多樣性公約》和《濕地公約》均沒(méi)有相關(guān)的指南，我們建議：（1）聯(lián)合國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃署為生物多樣性公約和濕地公約起草濕地生物多樣性保護(hù)主流化技術(shù)指南；2）《濕地公約》第十次締約方大會(huì)考慮通過(guò)濕地保護(hù)主流化的大會(huì)決議；
?國(guó)際非政府組織應(yīng)加大對(duì)濕地保護(hù)的投入，在濕地保護(hù)的各層次（全球、國(guó)家、地區(qū)和社區(qū)）推動(dòng)其主流化進(jìn)程。
在國(guó)家層面上：
?近20年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)充分表明了濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的脆弱性，各國(guó)政府在濕地保護(hù)主流化過(guò)程中應(yīng)采用謹(jǐn)慎利用原則原則；
?在濕地保護(hù)主流化過(guò)程中應(yīng)采用各種措施和機(jī)制，包括發(fā)展政策、立法、規(guī)劃、財(cái)政與稅收、經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)和國(guó)際貿(mào)易政策以及能力建設(shè)、研究和技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)等；
?成功的濕地保護(hù)主流化過(guò)程需要公眾的認(rèn)可與理解。因此，我們懇請(qǐng)各國(guó)政府加大公眾宣傳力度，讓公眾正確認(rèn)識(shí)濕地的價(jià)值。同時(shí)，積極的社區(qū)的參與是濕地保護(hù)主流化的關(guān)鍵，我們建議各國(guó)政府采用公開(kāi)、透明方針，激勵(lì)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)在濕地生物多樣性保護(hù)中發(fā)揮更大的作用。
Dongting Lake Declaration
On the occasion of the International Workshop on Mainstreaming Wetland Biodiversity Conservation
Dec. 1-4, 2007, Yueyang, China
We, 120 representatives from 11 countries representing both developed and developing countries from four continents, including Australia, Cameroon, Canada, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as from UNDP, Wetlands International and WWF, gathered by Dongting Lake from December 1st to 4th 2007, to discuss and debates the theme of mainstreaming wetland biodiversity conservation. Our consensus on this issue is reflected in this Dongting Lake Declaration.
We agree that:
Mainstreaming wetland conservation is a process, a philosophy and a mechanism by which wetlands policies, planning and implementation converge to form a comprehensive solution to wetlands biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. It requires an ecosystem approach, involving all levels of government, the public and private sectors, and integrating diverse sectoral interests, so as to form a coherent and coordinated wetlands biodiversity program that balances wetlands conservation and sustainable use.
Drawing attention to the fact that:
Experience from all countries in the workshop confirms mainstreaming as an effective mechanism that helps us to address wetland conservation issues. Dongting Lake, formerly the largest freshwater lake in China, is an important example of mainstreaming wetland biodiversity conservation. Dongting Lake once covered an area of six thousands square kilometers, accommodating the vast water inflows and outflows of the Yangtze River and its four tributaries. In the past, Dongting lake and its surrounding basin was managed by sectoral agencies in an uncoordinated manner that has led to damage to the wetlands, decline in biodiversity, and loss of ecosystem functions that are critically important to the health of the lower Yangtze River system. However, through mainstreaming there is now an integrated and coordinated management program for Dongting Lake that involves all sectors and which engages the public. Mainstreaming has also led to greater balance between conservation and sustainable development and has been the key factor in the recovery of Dongting Lake.
We note the efforts and progress made with regard to the Dongting Lake conservation, including the designation of three Ramsar sites, the large-scale return of agricultural land to wetland, wetland restoration and protection programmes, the UNDP supported Wetland Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use Programme, and the WWF supported Partnership for a Living Yangtze Programme. These actions effectively reverse the degradation trend of the Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem.
Therefore:
We confirm that:
The multi-functions and services of wetland ecosystem are the basis of sustainable socio-economic development. Of the three global ecosystems, wetland ecosystems are the link between the terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Wetlands play a critical role in global carbon cycling. They are also the ecosystem with the highest primary productivity and richest biodiversity on Earth and are the inspiration for cultural and spiritual values for millennia. Wetlands play a central economic role in areas such as flood retention and mitigation, groundwater recharge, and water purification and provide effective barriers to natural disasters like floods, droughts and storms.
We note that:
Notwithstanding the benefits of wetlands, they are the most deteriorated and biologically threatened of all global ecosystems. The cause is mainly the unsustainable, irrational and un-coordinated management of wetlands, which normally fails to integrate different purposes and interests in wetland utilization. Despite the Ramsar Convention and the Convention on Biodiversity, degradation of wetland ecosystems continues at the global scale, and will deteriorate further under global climate change. Wetlands, particularly peat lands, are one of the most globally important terrestrial carbon sinks; but if destroyed , they will become the largest single carbon source of global significance.
We endorse the proposal that:
International societies, governments, wetland management institutes and organizations should strengthen their efforts in communication, education and research of wetland ecosystem's functions and services, promote amongst the whole society the key role of wetlands in sustainable socio-economic development, integrate and embody principles of wetland conservation and sustainable management in the formulation and implementation of socio-economic development policies and planning at all levels, reverse as rapidly as possible wetland degradation and restore the functions and services of wetlands, so as to meet the needs of socio-economic development, to cope with global climate change, and to provide essential habitat that supports a healthy and diverse range of living species. .
Specifically, we recommend that:
A. At the International Level:
- Mainstreaming of wetland conservation be urgently integrated into the global processes of environment and development negotiation. This requires two actions: (1) The Ramsar Convention, through its Secretariat should have an official seat in United Nations fora on global issues, and (2) the Convention on Wetlands should extend its cooperation model with the Convention on Biological Diversity to other multi-lateral conventions such as UNCSD, CCD, CMS, and in particular UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), so as to include the central role that wetlands play in CO2 emission reduction and global climate change response strategies.
- Recognising the centrality of mainstreaming to wetlands biodiversity conservation, and noting the absence of specific guidance in either the Ramsar Convention or the CBD, we recommend that (1) the UNDP on behalf both of Ramsar and the CBD develop specific guidance on mainstreaming in wetlands and related biodiversity conservation, and (2) the 10th Conference of Parties (COP) of the Convention on Wetlands should consider adopting a resolution on mainstreaming wetland conservation.
- International NGOs should invest more in wetland conservation and facilitate the mainstreaming processes of wetland conservation at global, national, regional and site levels.
B. At the national level
- The past 20 years have demonstrated the fragility of wetland ecosystems, therefore we support the precautionary principle and recommend that all governments make this a guiding principle in wetlands mainstreaming activities.
- That governments adopt mainstreaming as the key component of wetlands management, extending from laws and regulations, to implementation practices.
- We note that the full range of economic and development instruments should be included and coordinated in wetland mainstreaming activities. This includes development policy, legislation, planning, finance and taxation, economic incentives, international trade, capacity building, and research, and technology.
- Successful mainstreaming requires an informed public, therefore we urge all governments to make special efforts to educate the public in wetlands values. We regard effective community participation as an essential element of mainstreaming and we urge all governments to adopt full disclosure and transparency in their stewardship of wetlands and wetlands biodiversity.
